Intensive English Grammar

I.             NOUN

A)   Noun is a naming word.

B)    Classification of Nouns:

1.    Proper Nouns (Proper Names) are the official name of particular or specific persons.

2.    Common Nouns, which identify general categories, may refer to any one of a class or kind of people, place or thing.

a)    Countable Nouns (Unit or Count Nouns) name objects which can be counted or divided. They may either be common nouns or collective nouns.

b)    Uncountable Nouns (Non-Count Nounts) name objects that cannot be counted. They may either be mass or abstract nouns.

3.    Concrete Noun names a member of a class or a group of persons, places, or things, which may be counted and perceived by the senses.

4.    Abstract Nouns names concepts or general ideas and denotes quality, a state of condition, and action.

5.    Collective nouns denote a group of persons, animals or things that are considered a single unit.

6.    Mass Noun is one that describes concrete objects considered in a mass quantity.

7.    Compound Nouns are combinations of words that function as nouns in a sentence.

8.    Diminutive Noun is a derivative indicating something small, young, or loved and belittled.

9.    Agent Noun is one that indicates a being or thing that acts for or in place of another, or one that acts by authority of another.

10.  Recipient Noun indicates one who receives something, one to whom an act is done or upon whom a privilege is conferred.

11.  Predicate Noun follows a linking verb.

C)    Uses Of Nouns

1.    Subject of the verb

2.    Object of the verb

3.    Complement of the subject

4.    Complement of the verb

5.    Object of the preposition

6.    Appositive

7.    Modifier of another noun

8.    Modifier of an Adjective

9.    Modifier of a verb

D)   Cases of Nouns means the relationship of the noun to the other words in a sentence.

1.    Nominative Case – the noun is used as the subject of the sentence

2.    Vocative Case (Calling Case) – it refers to the person or thing spoken to.

3.    Accusative Case (Objective Case) – a noun which is the object or at the receiving end of a verb.

4.    Dative Case – a noun is used as the indirect object of an action.

5.    Genitive Case (Possessive Case) – a noun which denotes the idea of belonging to or being in the possession to somebody or something.

II.            VERBS

A)   Verbs express action, a state of being, or a condition.

B)    Classification of Verbs

1.    Action Verbs are verbs that assert action

2.    Verbs of Being or Linking Verbs connect what goes before them in a sentence and describe only a state of being.

3.    Auxiliary Verbs or Helping Verbs help out another verb in forming tenses, voice, or mood.

4.    Transitive Verbs indicate action taken on an object.

5.    Intransitive Verbs do not require an object.

6.    Regular Verbs (Weak Verbs) follow the normal pattern of conjugation by adding “d” or “ed” to form their past tense and past participle.

7.    Irregular Verbs (Strong Verbs) form their past tense and past participle in a way other than by adding “d” or “ed”

C)    Voice tells whether the subject of the sentence is acting or acted upon.

1.    Active Voice – the subject is the doer of the action

2.    Passive Voice – the subject is the receiver of the action

D)   Tone is a characteristic of the tenses of verbs that express precisely what the writer wishes to say.

1.    Simple Tone is a concise statement of a snapshot action of a verb, or immediate or unspecified time.

2.    Progressive Tone is formed by using proper tense of the verb “to be” followed by present participle.

3.    Emphatic Tone is expressed by the verbs “do” and “did” and the present infinitive of the main verb.

E)    Mood reveals how action is thought of, whether as a fact, as a possibility, or a command or request.

1.    Indicative Mood – to express a fact or ask a question

2.    Imperative Mood – to give a command or express a necessity

3.    Subjunctive Mood – to express a wish, desire, volition, supposition, a condition contrary to fact, or a condition that is highly improbable.

F)    Tense indicates the time of action or time of the static condition expressed by verbs.

1.    Simple Tense

a)    Simple Present Tense expresses an action going on or a condition existing at present.

•        Verb (regular form) + s/es (singular) or without s or es (plural)

•        State of being (is, are)  or emphatic form (do, does)

b)    Simple Past Tense expresses an action that has happened or a condition that has existed in the past.

•        Verb + d/ed/t

c)    Simple Future Tense depicts an action that takes place or will occur or a condition that will exist at some future time.

•        Will/shall + main verb (present plural form)

d)    Present Progressive Tense depicts an action that is actually occurring at the moment.

•        Verb “to be” (Present ) + present participle (“ing” form)

e)    Past Progressive Tense conveys things that continued to happen in the past but have ended.

•        Verb “to be” (Past ) + present participle (“ing” form)

f)     Future Progressive Tense denotes actions or conditions that continue in the future.

•        Will be/shall be + present participle (“ing” form)

2.    Compound Tense

a)    Present Perfect Tense denotes an action that has just completed at the time of speaking.

•        Has/have + Past Participle

b)    Past Perfect Tense denotes a past action that was completed before another past action.

•        Had + Past Participle

c)    Future Perfect Tense denotes action that will be completed at some definite time in the future.

•        Shall have/Will have + Past Participle

d)    Present Perfect Progressive Tense expresses action which began in the past and still continuing.

•        Has been/have been + Present Participle

e)    Past Perfect Progressive Tense expresses action that started and was completed in the past.

•        Had been + Present Participle

f)     Future Perfect Progressive Tense suggests action that will end at or by a definite time in the future.

•        Shall have been/will have been + Present Participle