PHYSICAL EDUCATION REVIEWER

1. PHYSICAL EDUCATION – the education of, by, and through human movement which develops the physical, mental, social, psychological, emotional, and spiritual aspects of human being.
2. PHYSICAL FITNESS – the ability to carry one’s work load without staggering and to participate in recreation with ease and enjoyment and still have a reservoir of endurance to meet the emergencies of life.

1. COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS (HEALTH RELATED): C – S – M – J – B  

1. CARDIO-RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE – the ability of the heart, blood vessels, and the lungs to deliver essential nutrients, especially oxygen, to the working muscles, and to remove waste materials from the body.
2. STRENGTH – the ability of a muscle or group of muscle to exert one maximal force against a resistance.

1. Explosive Strength – apparent in those activities requiring sudden changes in direction.
2. Static Strength – requires little muscle shortening…
3. Dynamic Strength – component found in repeated muscle contraction (isotonic and isometric)

3. MUSCULAR ENDURANCE – the ability of the muscle or a group to exert repeated muscular contractions against a resistance for an extended period of time.
4. JOINT FLEXIBILITY – the ability of the joint to move throughout the full range of motion.
5. BODY COMPOSITION – the relationship of the fat tissue and lean body tissue…

2. COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS (SKILL RELATED): S – P – A      B – C – R  

1. SPEED – the ability to make successive movements of the same kind in the shortest possible time.
2. POWER – refers to muscular power which is the ability to exert maximum force in the shortest possible time.
3. AGILITY – the ability to change position or direction with quickness and lightness of movement.
4. BALANCE – the ability to control organic equipment neuromuscularly; it is a state of equilibrium.

1. Static Balance – the ability to maintain equilibrium in a fixed position
2. Dynamic Balance – maintaining balance while moving
3. Rotational Balance – maintaining or regaining balance after turning, or rolling…

5. COORDINATION – the harmonious functioning of muscles in producing complex movements.
6. REACTION TIME – the interval of time between the signal to respond and the beginning of the response. 

3. BENEFITS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS: V – P – R – R – P     N – R – I – M – G 

1. Vitality
2. Posture
3. Relieves low-back pain.
4. Retards ageing process
5. Physical fitness
6. Neuromuscular skill
7. Relaxation
8. Improvement of personality
9. Mental fitness
10. General health

4. CAUSES OF PHYSICAL UNFITNESS: L – I – N – C       T – E – P – O 

1. Lack of the right kind of exercise
2. Improper living conditions including health habits
3. Nutritional deficiencies, especially undernourishment, malnutrition, and obesity.
4. Chronic fatigue
5. Tenseness and inability to relax
6. Emotional disturbances
7. Personal and social maladjustments
8. Organic drains

5. PARAMETERS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS: M – M – C – J  

1. Muscular Endurance
2. Muscular Strength
3. Cardio-respiratory Endurance
4. Joint Flexibility

3. BODY MECHANICS – the application of the physical laws to the human body at rest or in motion.

1. BODY CLASSIFICATION: E – M – E 

1. ECTOMORPH – lean, slim, shallow-chested, tall in proportion to their weight.
2. MESOMORPH - muscular individual with broad shoulder, well-developed chest, robust, and strong
3. ENDOMORPH – broad rounded figure, large heavy neck, and ruddy face.

2. POSTURE – the habitual or assumed alignment and balance of the body segments while standing, walking, sitting, or lying.
3. VALUES OF GOOD POSTURE: G – M – I 

1. Good Appearance
2. Movement Efficiency
3. Improved Fitness

4. COMMON POSTURE FAULTS: K – L – S – A      H – H – P – K 

1. Kyphosis or Round Upper Back
2. Lumbar Lordosis or Hollow Back
3. Scoliosis or Lateral Deviation
4. Abdominal Ptosis
5. Hyperextended Knees
6. Hyperextended Neck
7. Pronated Ankles
8. Kypholordosis

5. CAUSES OF POOR POSTURE: E – P – P      G – C – N 

1. Environmental Influences
2. Psychological Conditions
3. Pathological Conditions
4. Growth Handicaps
5. Congenital Defects
6. Nutritional Problems

6. THE LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS: W – R – J – H      S – S – L – G 

1. Walking – the transfer of weight from one foot to the other while moving.
2. Running – walking at an increased tempo.
3. Jumping – a position of the body into the air made by the force of the feet…
4. Hopping – jumping from one foot to the same foot… 
5. Skipping – a combination of a step and a hop
6. Sliding – sideways movement in which the weight of the body is shifted…
7. Leaping – a jump from one foot while the body is moving forward.
8. Galloping – a combination of a step and a leap.

7. THE NONLOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS: B – S – T – T      P – P – L – S 

1. Bending – movement of the joints that brings the body parts closer together
2. Stretching – extension or hyperextension of the joints…
3. Twisting – rotation of the body around in a fixed base of support
4. Turning – rotation of the body around in space
5. Pushing – the exertion of the body’s force against a resistant force
6. Pulling – directing an object toward the body
7. Lifting – to raise an object or body part  from one level to another
8. Swinging – circular or pendular movement of the body